Saturday, December 31, 2022

Finance by NPTEL

Finance is the system or study of creating, circulating and managing money.

Its is divided in 3 categories:

  1. Personal Finance.
    1. All financial decisions and activities of an individual, like insurance, loans, mortgages, etc.
  2. Public Finance.
    1. Tax system.
    2. Government Expenditures.
    3. Budgeting procedures.
  3. Corporate Finance (Business finance).
    1. Managing assets, liabilities, debts and revenues for a business.

Corporate Finance (Is the subfield of finance that deals with how companies/businesses address funding sources, capital structuring and investment decisions).


 1) Financial Management 

Week 1 : Financial management-an overview, Financial decisions in the firms, the fundamental 

principles of finance, goals of financial management, building blocks of modern finance.

Week 2 : Risk-return trade off, Organization of finance functions, Emerging role of financial

 managers’ in India, Over view of financial statements – Income statement, Balance Sheet, 

Cash flow statement, Analysis of financial statements

Week 3 : Financial Planning & forecasting, Tools & techniques of Financial Planning

 & Forecasting, Sources of finance.

Week 4 : Time Value of Money, Future value of a single amount, Present value of a single 

amount, Future value of Annuity, Present value of Annuity & Perpetuity

Week 5 : Capital Budgeting –Concept and overview, Capital budgeting process, 

Project classification, Techniquesof capital budgeting, Investment criteria

Week 6 : Net present value, internal rate of return, Modified Internal rate of return,

 Benefit cost ratio,Pay-back period method

Week 7 : Accounting rate of return, Investment appraisal in practice, Estimation of

 project cash flows – overview, Estimation of project cash flows-tools & techniques, 

Estimation of project cash flows-tools & techniques

Week 8 : Accounting rate of return, Investment appraisal in practice, Estimation 

of project cash flows – overview, Estimation of project cash flows-tools & techniques, 

Estimation of project cash flows-tools & techniques

Week 9 : Break-even analysis, some other models and tools of risk analysis, 

Project selection under risk, cost of Capital-Overview, Cost of debt & preference capital.

Week 10 : Cost of equity, Determining the proportions, WACC, WA Marginal cost of capital, 

Determining the optimum capital budget

Week 11 : Capital structure of firms-An overview, Net income approach, Net operating 

income approach, Traditional proposition, MM Proposition

Week 12 : Dividend decisions-An overview, Relevance of dividend, Dividend policy 

formulation, Dimensions of divined policy, Legal & procedural 

aspects of dividend decisions.



2) Financial Analysis (Is the process of evaluating businesses)

Week 1 : Introduction, Indian Economy, Industry & Industrial scenario in India, 

Forms of business organizations, Sole Proprietorship, Partnership firms and private 

companies, Public and Govt. Companies.

Week 2 : Content of annual reports, Quality of financial reporting, Reporting

 regulation in India, Reporting regulations for Partnership firms, Reporting 

regulations of Companies.

Week 3 : Nature & objectives of Financial Statements, Uses & Limitations of 

Financial Statements, Stakeholders of financial statements, Income Statement,

 Income Statement.

Week 4 : Income Statement, Income Statement, Balance Sheet, Balance Sheet, Balance Sheet.

Week 5 : Balance Sheet, Cash Flow Statement, Sources of financial information, 

Tools and techniques of financial statement analysis, Tools and techniques of 

financial statement analysis.

Week 6 : Tools and techniques of financial statement analysis, Ratio Analysis, Ratio Analysis, 

Ratio Analysis, Ratio Analysis.

Week 7 : Ratio Analysis, Ratio Analysis, Cash flow statement, Cash flow statement, 

Cash flow statement.

Week 8 : Cash flow statement, Comparative Statement, Common Size Statement, Du-Pont

 Analysis, Concepts on sickness, distress.

Week 9 : Report preparation of financial statement analysis, Types of business combinations,

 Consolidated financial statements, Consolidated financial atements, Consolidated financial 

statements.

Week 10 : Inter-company transactions and profit confirmations, Inter-company transactions and

 profit confirmations, Minority interest, consolidated net income and consolidated retained 

earnings, Minority interest, consolidated net income and consolidated retained earnings, Minority

 interest, consolidated net income and consolidated retained earnings.

Week 11 : Balance Sheet Under Income Tax Act, Balance Sheet Under Income Tax Act, Balance 

Sheet Under Companies Act, Balance Sheet Under Companies Act, Balance Sheet Under Companies Act.

Week 12 : Window dressing, Window dressing, Recent scandals in financial reporting, Recent 

scandals in financial reporting, Recent scandals in financial reporting.


3) Investment Analysis (Is the process of evaluating an investment for profitability & risk).

Week 1: Introduction to financial markets, institutions, and assets;Investment as a process; 

and Investment philosophies

Week 2: Fixed income securities: Term structure of interest rates; Bonds, their valuation, 

pricing, yield and duration, convexity, and their inter-relationships

Week 3: Equity as an asset class: risk-return tradeoff; Valuation approaches, DCF versus

 multipliers; Equity investment strategies

Week 4: Pricing of equity assets: Index models; Capital asset pricing model (CAPM) and 

arbitrage pricing theory (APT)

Week 5: Mutual funds as investment; Advantages and disadvantages of investing in mutual

 funds; Hedge funds, index funds, ETFs, and other categories

Week 6: Security Analysis and portfolio management; Fundamental and technical analyses; 

Portfolio theory and asset allocation; Investment strategies

Week 7: New asset classes and alternative investments; Introducing new-age assets in a 

portfolio; Cryptocurrencies as an asset class

Week 8: Portfolio performance evaluation; Factors driving portfolio performance; 

Investment strategies and market timing.


4) Mergers & Acquisitions

Week 1 : Introduction to Mergers, Acquisitions (M&A), Business Valuation

Merger types

Merger as a business strategy

Merger as a process of value creation

Theories of Mergers and Acquisitions (Merger Motives) Analyzing the strategy behind 

recent merger and acquisition

Week 2 : Takeover Tactics and Anti-takeover Defenses

The M&A Process

Acquisition Search and Due Diligence Studying different takeover tactics and defenses 

undertaken by companies in recent times.

Week 3 : Valuation in M&A: Cash Flow Based Approach

Valuation of company

Week 4 : Valuation in M&A: Cash Flow Based Approach, Valuation of Synergies, Valuation

 of company

Week 5 : Valuation in M&A: Relative Valuation Approach (Comparable Company Approach) 

and other Valuation Approaches Valuation of company

Week 6 : M&A Deal Structuring Critically evaluating a recent deal structure

Week 7 : Legal aspects of M&A, Accounting aspects of M&A

Week 8 : Alternative Exit and Restructuring Strategies:

Spin-offs, Splits, Equity Carve outs and other restructuring strategies.Analyzing the 

strategy behind recent corporate restructuring.


5) Securities (a financial instrument that hold some monetary value) market.




Tuesday, September 6, 2022

Internet Gateway

 A gateway is a piece of networking hardware or software used in telecommunications networks that allows data to flow from one discrete network to another. Gateways are distinct from routers or switches in that they communicate using more than one protocol to connect multiple networks[1][2] and can operate at any of the seven layers of the open systems interconnection model (OSI).

The term gateway can also loosely refer to a computer or computer program configured to perform the tasks of a gateway, such as a default gateway or router, and in the case of HTTP, gateway is also often used as a synonym for reverse proxy.[3]

A network gateway provides a connection between networks and contains devices, such as protocol translators, impedance matchers, rate converters, fault isolators, or signal translators. A network gateway requires the establishment of mutually acceptable administrative procedures between the networks using the gateway. Network gateways, known as protocol translation gateways or mapping gateways, can perform protocol conversions to connect networks with different network protocol technologies. For example, a network gateway connects an office or home intranet to the Internet. If an office or home computer user wants to load a web page, at least two network gateways are accessed—one to get from the office or home network to the Internet and one to get from the Internet to the computer that serves the web page.

On an Internet Protocol (IP) network, IP packets with a destination outside a given subnet mask are sent to the network gateway. For example, if a private network has a base IPv4 address of 192.168.1.1 and has a subnet mask of 255.255.255.0, then any data addressed to an IP address outside of 192.168.1.0 is sent to the network gateway. IPv6 networks work in a similar way. While forwarding an IP packet to another network, the gateway may perform network address translation.

In enterprise networks, a network gateway usually also acts as a proxy server and a firewall.[4]

On Microsoft Windows, the Internet Connection Sharing feature allows a computer to act as a gateway by offering a connection between the Internet and an internal network.[5][6]

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gateway_(telecommunications)

Bad gateway error

 Web HTTP Status 502

Sunday, May 22, 2022

Free Code Camp courses

  1. https://www.freecodecamp.org/news/learn-html-and-css-from-the-ceo-of-scrimba/
  2. https://www.freecodecamp.org/news/intro-to-algorithms-with-python/
  3. https://www.freecodecamp.org/news/whats-the-difference-between-authentication-and-authorisation
  4. https://www.freecodecamp.org/news/create-a-low-code-ecommerce-app-with-stripe-postgres-rest-api-backend/
  5. https://www.freecodecamp.org/news/machine-learning-for-everybody/
  6. https://www.freecodecamp.org/news/data-structures-in-javascript-with-examples/
  7. https://www.freecodecamp.org/news/javascript-dom-manipulation/
  8. https://www.freecodecamp.org/news/the-php-handbook/
  9. https://www.freecodecamp.org/news/use-react-and-apis-to-build-a-weather-app/

Hash Table or Map or Dictionary or Objects (in JavaScript and JSON)

 In Python https://www.edureka.co/blog/hash-tables-and-hashmaps-in-python/#:~:text=Hash%20tables%20or%20has%20maps,and%20they%20can%20be%20changed.


JavaScript has a built in function for converting JSON strings into JavaScript objects:

JSON.parse()

JavaScript also has a built in function for converting an object into a JSON string:

JSON.stringify()

Example of a JSON string:

'{"name":"John", "age":30, "car":"Ford"}'


The JSON format is syntactically similar to the code for creating JavaScript objects. Because of this, a JavaScript program can easily convert JSON data into JavaScript objects.

Since the format is text only, JSON data can easily be sent between computers, and used by any programming language.

Read this for more details https://www.w3schools.com/js/js_json_intro.asp

Friday, May 6, 2022

Python program to calculate stop-loss level for a given buy price.

 def findSLTP():

c = int(input("Enter current market price : "))

print("SLTP for " + str(c) + " at 6% loss should be : " + str(int(c - 0.06*c))) 

x = input("Press Enter to exit application ")

findSLTP()

Python program to calculate profit %

 def findProfit():

    x = 'a'

    while x != 'n' or x != 'N':

        c = float(input("Enter current market price : "))

        s = float(input("Enter expected sell price  : "))

        a = float((s - c)/c)*100

        formatted_a = "{:.2f}".format(a)

        print("% Profit for buy at " + str(c) + " and expected sell at " + str(s) + " would be : " + str(formatted_a) +"%") 

        print()   

        #x= input("Want to continue (y/n) :") 

        #if x == 'n':

            #exit()

findProfit()

Tuesday, May 3, 2022

Top 10 trading stocks


  1. Reliance Inds - Sector: Telecom Long-term trend: UP
  2. TCS - Sector: IT Long-term trend: SIDEWAYS
  3. Persistent Systems - IT Long-term trend: UP
  4. HDFC Bank - Banking Long-term trend: SIDEWAYS
  5. ICICI Bank - Banking Long-term trend: UP
  6. Hindalco - Metals Long-term trend: UP
  7. Tata steel - Metals Long-term trend: UP
  8. Hero motors - Auto Long-term trend: DOWN
  9. Godrej Consumer Products - FMCG Long-term trend: DOWN
  10. Tata Consumer Products - FMCG Long-term trend: SIDEWAYS

Up trending stocks are best for trading, followed by sideways consolidating stocks.

Trading in long-term downtrending stocks should be avoided.

Major sectors and their top players


  1. IT - TCS, Infosys, Wipro, Persistent, LTI, LTTS, Mindtree, Happiest minds, Coforge, Mphasis, Mastek, Latent view.
  2. Metals - Hindalco, Nalco, Tata Steel, Jindal Stainless, JSW steel, JSPL.
  3. Cement - ACC, Ultratech, Grasim, Ambuja Cement.
  4. Banks - ICICI bank, HDFC bank, SBI, IndusInd bank, Axis bank.
  5. Auto - Maruti, M&M, Tata Motors, Hero, Bajaj Auto, TVS, Eicher.
  6. FMCG - GCP, TCP, HUL.
  7. Finance - Bajaj Finance, Bajaj Finserve, Bajaj Holdings, CDSL, Au Small Bank Finance, Cholamandulum, Sundarum Finance, Shriram Transport Finance, Shriram City Union Finance, Muthoot Fianance, Mannapurnam Finance, ICICI securities, Motilal Oswal Financial services, M&M Financial, Indiabulls Housing.
  8. Paint - Asian paints, Kansai Nerolac, Berger paints.
  9. Chemical - Tata chemicals, Deepak Nitrite, Navin Flourine, India Glycols, Pidilite, Solar Industries, Aarti Inds, Alylamines, Balaji amines, SRF.
  10. E-commerce - Info edge, Paytm, PB Fintech, CE infoetch, Nykaa, Zomato.
  11. Power - Generation: NTPC, Reliance Infra, Tata power, Torrent power, JSW Energy, Adani power, Adani Green, Suzlon Energy. Transmission: Adani Transmission, Power Grid, Kalptaru power, KEC International, GE power.
  12. Petroleum - Refineries: BPCL, HPCL, Chennai Petroleum, MRPL, IOC. Oil driling: - ONGC, OIL, GAIL (These two sub-sectors move in opposite directions).
  13. Telecom - Bharti, Idea cellular, Tata communications.
  14. Retail - Avenue supermart, Titan.
  15. Textile - Page Inds, Lux Inds, Dollar Inds, Lovable, Rupa, AB Fashion, Shoppers stop, Ambika cotton, Verdhaman textiles, Arvind, SRF, Raymonds, Century Enka.
  16. Sugar - Triveni Engg, Dhampur sugar, Balrampur sugar.
  17. Paper - Jk paper, West coast paper, Ruchira papers.
  18. Tyre - Apollo tyres, JK tyres, Ceat, Balkrishna Inds, MRF, TVS shrichakra.
  19. Consumer durables - Sympnony, Whirlpool, Bajaj Electricals, IFB Inds, TTK prestige, Amber Enterprises, Blue star, Voltas, V-guard.
  20. Plastics - Supreme Inds, Prince pipes, Astral poly, Polycab, Polyplex, Nilkamal, VIP inds.

Sunday, March 20, 2022

Types of problems in graph theory.

  1. If given pair of graphs is isomorphic?
  2. Determine if there is a graph possible for the given degree sequence?
  3. Draw a graph with given degree sequence.
  4. Find the number of edges if a graph has 4 vertices of degree 3 and an isolated vertex.
  5. Find the number of regions in a connected planar graph if no. of edges is e and no. of vertices n.
  6. Determine if Ore's theorem can be used on given graph?
  7. Determine if Diarc's theorem can be used on given graph?
  8. Is the given graph planar?
  9. Is the given graph bipartite?
  10. Does graph have an Euler circuit?
  11. Does graph have an Hamiltonian circuit?
  12. Find the chromatic number of given graph?
  13. Color the given graph.
  14. Construct a 4 regular graphs on 12 vertices?
  15. Draw complement of given graph.
  16. Draw MSTs of the given graph.
  17. Prove that ............ 
  18. Define ---------  Regular graph, complete graph etc.

Saturday, March 5, 2022

Deterministic and Non-Deterministic Algorithms

 deterministic algorithm, for a given particular input, the computer will always produce the same output going through the same states but in case of non-deterministic algorithm, for the same input, the compiler may produce different output in different runs. In fact non-deterministic algorithms can’t solve the problem in polynomial time and can’t determine what is the next step. The non-deterministic algorithms can show different behaviors for the same input on different execution and there is a degree of randomness to it.


Source: https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/difference-between-deterministic-and-non-deterministic-algorithms/.

Question types in Theory of Computation

 Define a Regular Expression for given DFA.

Define a DFA for the given Regular Expression.

Give the language for the given Regular Expression.

Give the Regular Expression for the given Language.


Construct a DFA for given language.

Construct a PDA for given language.

Construct a TM for given language.



Give a CFG for the given language.

Give the language generated by the given CFG.

Show that given CFG is ambiguous.



Wednesday, January 5, 2022

Training Institute in Bangaluru

https://www.learnbay.in/ 

Short-term Trading Ideas

 

Short-term Trading Stocks

  1. Infosys - buy above 1700 sl 1650 Infosys Chart ————— IT stocks
  2. TCS - buy near 3500 sl 3400 TCS Chart
  3. Wipro - buy near 620 sl 600 Wipro Chart
  4. Persistent Systems- buy near 4000 sl 3800 Persistent Chart
  5. Mindtree Ltd- buy above 4300 sl 4200 Mindtree Chart
  6. L&T Infotech - buy near 6500 sl 6500 LTI Chart
  7. Tata Elxsi - buy near 5800 sl 5600 Tata Elxsi Chart
  8. BirlaSoft - buy near 540 sl 500 Birlasoft Chart
  9. KPIT Tech - buy near 600 sl 580 KPITTECH Chart
  10. MapMyIndia (CE Info systems) - buy near 1650 sl 1600 C.E. Info Systems Chart
  11. Latent View Analytics - buy near 640 sl 600 Latent View Analytics Chart
  12. Happiest Minds - buy near HAPPSTMNDS Chart
  13. Maruti - buy near 7300 sl 7000 Maruti Chart ————————- Auto stocks
  14. Tata Motors - buy near 460 sl 440 Tata Motors Chart
  15. Sona coms - buy near 700 sl 680 Sona BLW Precision Forgings Chart
  16. Icici bank buy near 730 sl 700 Icici Bank Chart ———————- Banking stocks
  17. Bajaj finance - buy near 7500 sl 7250 Bajaj Finance Chart
  18. Tata steel - buy near 1100 sl 1050 Tata Steel Chart —————— Metal stocks
  19. Jindal Stainless - buy near 200 sl 180 Jindal Stainless Chart
  20. Ultratech Cement - buy near 7200 sl 7100 UC Chart ————— Cement stocks
  21. ACC - buy near 2100 sl 2100 Acc Chart
  22. Tata Consumer Products - buy near 750 sl 720 TCP Chart ——— FMCG stocks
  23. HUL - buy near 2300 sl 2300 Hindustan Unilever hart
  24. Century ply - buy near 620 sl 600 Century Plyboards Chart —— Consumption stocks
  25. Finolex Inds - buy near 207 sl 200 Finolex Industries Chart
  26. Atul Ltd. - buy near 9300 sl 9100 Atul Chart
  27. Pidilite Inds - buy near 2500 sl 2400 Pidilite Industries Chart
  28. Titan Inds - buy near 2260 sl 2200 Titan Chart
  29. Nykaa - buy near 2100 sl 2050 FSN E-Commerce Ventures Chart —- E-com stocks
  30. Zomato - buy near 130 sl 120 Zomato Chart
  31. Info Edge India - buy near 5200 sl 5000 Info Edge (india) Chart
  32. Triveni Engineering - buy near 220 sl 200 Triveni Chart —————- Sugar stocks
  33. Dhampur Sugar Mills - buy near 300 sl 280 Dhampur Sugar Chart
  34. Balrampur Chini Mills - buy near 340 sl 320 Balrampur Chart

Sacred Thought

28 April 2024 Today I am going to explain verse 31 - 38 chapter two for you all. There is no opportunity better than a righteous war (सत्य औ...